Analytic (closed form) Solutions

• Often can not be found.

• When available, always used in mapping, charting and geodesy applications.

• Advantages:

  • They provide exact reference values,
  • Useful for derivations,
  • ERM parameters embedded as variables.

• Disadvantages

  • Usually involve many transcendental functions,
  • Generally least efficient,
  • Usually too accurate (wasted computation time).

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