Map projections

Quantifying distortion:

• Map distance vs geodesic distance

  • point scale
    • ratio at a point for “infinitesimal” distances
    • varies at different points
    • varies by direction in non-conformal map projections
  • map scale
    • Nominal ratio for the map area

• map azimuth vs. geodetic azimuth

• Convergence of the Meridian (COM)

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